| Saudi Arabia remains a kingdom with a monarch as its active chief of state. |
| The bill is then sent to the monarch for royal assent, which is invariably given. |
| Spain was ruled by an absolute monarch and was dominated by the church, whose Inquisition was still proscribing books and works of art. |
| A strong monarch could control the Parlement de Paris but a minor supported by a regent rarely could. |
| The monarch reigns, but does not rule the nation per se, acting only with the approval of Parliament. |
| A monarch would attempt to arrogate power to himself, as do all the current Middle Eastern kings. |
