| The involuntary muscles are controlled by structures deep within the brain and the upper part of the spinal cord called the brain stem. |
| Most of these have to do with problems of the inner ear or of the brain stem or cerebellum. |
| And at the base of the cerebrum, emerging like the stalk from a mushroom cap, is an elongated structure, the brain stem. |
| Brains were removed and dissected into telencephalon, hypothalamus, optic tectum, and brain stem. |
| The acute management of patients with locked-in syndrome is similar to that for patients with other acute brain stem insults. |
| Some surgeons also order preoperative brain stem auditory-evoked potentials and otological testing for both pure tone and speech discrimination. |
