| The brainstem has been cut through the inferior colliculi and the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles. |
| Nearly all cases of PML involve the cerebral white matter, but it may also involve white matter of cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord. |
| Locked-in syndrome is caused either by a lesion in the brainstem or by extensive demyelination, denying the brain its peripheral connections. |
| Once generated in the brainstem, ventilatory activity in eupnea and gasping is conveyed via the same cranial and spinal nerves. |
| Some afferent fibres from the epiglottis, palate and pharynx also reach the brainstem via the vagus nerve. |
| Central chemoreceptors are distributed at many locations within the brainstem. |
