The acute management of patients with locked-in syndrome is similar to that for patients with other acute brain stem insults. |
From the brain stem emerge pairs of cranial nerves, analogous to the spinal nerves that innervate the limbs and trunk. |
The involuntary muscles are controlled by structures deep within the brain and the upper part of the spinal cord called the brain stem. |
Most of these have to do with problems of the inner ear or of the brain stem or cerebellum. |
Superimposed on this reflex arc, are suprasegmental modifying influences from the brain stem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. |
They observed both neurons and astrocytes, the two types of cells into which the brain stem cells mature. |