| Bacteria are known to exchange genes via conjugative plasmids and integrative and conjugative elements. |
|
| Recombinant plasmids were purified from overnight cultures using the alkaline lysis technique. |
|
| The proportion of recombinant plasmids in each sample was then estimated by comparing the two numbers. |
|
| The incorporation of plasmids or prophages into the bacterial chromosomes is called transfection. |
|
| We note, however, that few if any of the genes borne by bacterial plasmids are under strong positive selection at all times. |
|
| The replication control genes of bacterial plasmids face selection at two conflicting levels. |
|
| Single radiolabelled colonies harbouring plasmids with inserts bigger than 1000 bp were analysed further. |
|
| For sporulation, diploid cells with plasmids were first grown in selective media. |
|
| The only apparent regulatory difference is a short time delay when activators reside in the cytoplasm before binding to plasmids. |
|
| Conjugative plasmids can mediate gene transfer between bacterial taxa in diverse environments. |
|
| Spontaneous SOS gene expression was measured in strain GY7109 recA carrying plasmids with different recAX chimeras. |
|
| The mutation also reduced the copy number of the plasmids in otherwise wild-type strains. |
|
| The genotype of each strain and plasmids used for transformation are indicated at the top. |
|
| Escherichia coli were transformed with the respective plasmids by chemical transformation. |
|
| The nucleotide sequences of the constructed plasmids were verified by DNA sequencing. |
|
| Certain genetic material can be easy transferred between more closely related organisms, for example, via plasmids or phages. |
|
| Although the data are scarce, naturally occurring conjugative resistance plasmids are also generally considered costly when there is no selection for the resistance phenotype. |
|
| Some are encoded in bacterial plasmids and mediate bacterial conjugation, or, in the case of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, T-DNA transport into plant cells. |
|
| This phenomenon is similar to suicidal defense against phage infection, or phage exclusion, programmed by prophages and plasmids, and may well play a similar role. |
|
| Conjugative plasmids encode an extremely efficient mechanism that mediates their own transfer from a donor cell to a recipient cell. |
|
|
|
| Many conjugative plasmids can be transferred between, and reproduce in, a large number of different gram-negative bacterial species. |
|
| The respective copy numbers of the vector and reference gene sequences are normalized using a range of plasmids. |
|
| There have also been reports of the emergence of tetracycline-resistant plasmids in B. bronchiseptica isolated from cats. |
|
| The resulting plasmids were conjugated into the respective mutants of M. extorquens and the transconjugants tested for the ability to grow on methanol. |
|
| Intermolecular recombination reduces the copy number of plasmids and eventually increases their segregational instability. |
|
| The exons of the entire or the shortened dystrophin gene can be transferred into muscle cells by viruses, plasmids, or myoblasts. |
|
| To select for the plasmids, we used kanamycin and chloramphenicol. |
|
| The strains containing the new resistance plasmids were tested for their ability to elicit the lethal zygosis reaction and for their resistance to lethal zygosis. |
|
| Harvested bacterial colonies containing mutant plasmids were grown in LB medium in the presence of ampicillin and kanamycin to maintain the selective pressure on the mutants. |
|
| First, it has been observed that conjugative plasmids mediate gene transfer in various environments such as soil and rhizosphere, plant surfaces, water, or human gut. |
|
| In addition, some bacteria and archaea have smaller circular DNA molecules called plasmids that typically contain only a few genes. |
|
| Unlike stable productions, transient productions can sometimes be characterized by high quantities of residual plasmids. |
|
| A full list of bacterial strains, plasmids and plants was included in this report as well as relevant laboratory protocols. |
|
| Genetic elements include, inter alia, chromosomes, genomes, plasmids, transposons and vectors whether genetically modified or unmodified. |
|
| Some prokaryotes, such as bacteria, and a few eukaryotes have extrachromosomal DNA known as plasmids, which are autonomous, self-replicating genetic material. |
|
| Drug resistance and broad geographical distribution of identical R plasmids of Pasteurella piscicida isolated from cultured yellowtail in Japan. |
|
| They can be transformed into organisms in the form of plasmids or in the appropriate format, by using a viral vector. |
|
| The second obstacle was the difficulty of transfecting the cell line with plasmids and growing enough virus to be of use as seed stock. |
|
| In some cases, the method of genetic modification may change the potential for gene transfer, such as in the case of non-integrating plasmids or viral vectors. |
|
| Bacteria are happy to absorb little rings of DNA called plasmids and adopt them as their own. |
|
|
|
| Upon successful construction, the plasmid was transformed into bacteria to produce more plasmids. |
|
| The use of antiplasmid agents in combination with antibiotics may serve as a possible way to combat this resistance encoded by plasmids. |
|
| Nucleic acid immunogens are designed to include the antigenic portions of the parvoviral genome which are incorporated into bacterial plasmids. |
|
| We select for those genes, those plasmids, that have the resistance. |
|
| Many prokaryotes also contain additional circular DNA molecules called plasmids, with additional dispensable cell functions, such as encoding proteins to inactivate antibiotics. |
|
| Fig. 1 The physical maps of recombinant plasmids. |
|
| Because many of the plasmids carrying antibiotic-resistant genes can be transferred between different species of bacteria, widespread resistance to a specific antibiotic can develop rapidly. |
|
| Typically, these resistance genes are carried on transposable elements that have moved into plasmids and are easily transferred from one organism to another. |
|
| Information on the genetic stability of the recipient microorganism should be considered when available including the presence of mobile DNA elements, i.e. insertion sequences, transposons, plasmids, and prophages. |
|
| Using proteins called restriction enzymes, individual genes from human DNA or genetically engineered in the laboratory, are isolated and inserted into small circular pieces of DNA, known as plasmids. |
|
| Such mechanisms, based on postsegregational cell killing, are also typical for other toxin-antitoxin modules that participate in maintenance of many bacterial plasmids. |
|
| A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in plasmids and viruses, blur the distinction between sense and antisense strands by having overlapping genes. |
|
| Plasmids pJF138 and pJF141 were introduced into cells by electroporation. |
|
| Plasmids are small circles of extragenomic DNA that exists and replicates independently from the bacterial chromosome. |
|
| Plasmids are close circular DNA molecule that are propagated in a host microorganism mainly bacteria. |
|
| Plasmids have an essential impact on productivity. Related factors are plasmid copy number, structural plasmid stability and segregational plasmid stability. |
|
| What sets Bioshock and its sequel apart from other first person shooters are Plasmids and Tonics that allow you to genetically modify yourself in whatever way you see fit. |
|
