| Since it takes eight electrons to fill the electron shell, a silicon atom is continually looking for four electrons to bond with. |
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| When bonded to two hydrogen atoms, the outer electron shell of the oxygen atom is filled. |
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| In particular, the effects of the ligand field on the five d orbitals of an inner electron shell of the central atom are considered. |
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| Then, it is observed that there is displacement of electron shell against positive nucleus. |
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| An ion is charged by the imbalance of positive charges in the core and negative charges in the electron shell. |
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| This nuclear clock will be fundamentally different from existing atomic clocks, which are based on transitions in the electron shell. |
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| Therefore, we can assume that the protons of alpha-particles leaving the nucleus are associated with the second electron shell. |
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| Most materials are either ferromagnetic or ferroelectric based on the number of electrons in the ion's outer electron shell. |
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| Atoms naturally have a positive or negative charge, depending on the number of electrons in the outer electron shell. |
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| Each type of atom is unique because the different atoms have different numbers of protons in the nucleus, and different electron shell configurations. |
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| The importance of the outermost electron shell is strongly emphasized. |
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| As each element has a unique combination of electron shell energy levels, the spectrum of emitted x-rays is characteristic of the elements contained in the sample. |
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