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How to use electrons in a sentence

Looking for sentences and phrases with the word electrons? Here are some examples.

Sentence Examples

The collapsed core will become a white dwarf, composed of degenerate matter supported by the inability of two electrons to occupy the same space.
Surrounding it is a cloud of electrons, which are small, light subatomic particles with a negative charge.
He began to tell me about whirling electrons and orthicon-tubes and other nonsense, but I cut him short with an abrupt wave.
As they moved closer to the nucleus, the electrons would begin emitting their quanta of energy as light.
Bohr realized that the idea of a quantum of energy could explain how the electrons in the atom are arranged.
The origin of this destructive phenomenon is a quantum-mechanical interaction between the spins of the electrons and the atomic magnetic moments.
According to the laws of quantum mechanics, these electrons may exist only in certain states.
It describes a world in which electrons, quarks and the like are point particles that move in a manner dictated by the wavefunction.
The scalar superpartners of quarks and electrons are called squarks and selectrons.
In the course of the 20th century, science successively named electrons, protons, neutrons, and quarks.
Most of the northern lights we see originate in the electrons accelerated into the ionosphere.
In this model the gamma rays are emitted as synchrotron radiation by electrons that are accelerated to much lower energies.
These electrons are further accelerated to strike a fluorescent screen, where the effects can easily be seen by the eyes.
Why is that electrons radiate electromagnetic energy when they are accelerated?
In a strong electric field, free electrons can be accelerated onto its inner surface.
A sufficiently strong electric field can further accelerate these electrons.
The synchrotron can accelerate electrons from a mere walking pace up to almost the speed of light.
X rays emerge when the electrons, accelerated by a strong electric field, slam into a tungsten target.
The electron beam gun emits electrons, accelerates the beam of electrons, and focuses it on the work piece.
These electrons are then accelerated by a static electric field towards a fluorescent screen.
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The source is a gyrotron, a device that accelerates electrons through a strong magnetic field to produce microwaves.
Most of the energy invested in accelerating the electrons is recouped in the cavities as the returning beam decelerates.
The methanol reacts with water in the presence of a catalyst to produce hydrogen ions and electrons.
An enzyme in the liver called alcohol dehydrogenase strips electrons from ethanol to form acetaldehyde.
In 1926, Schrodinger developed a theory of wave mechanics that treated electrons as waves rather than particles.
In addition, they must consider the electrons not as particles, but as quantum mechanical waves.
The acid's active ingredient is positively charged hydrogen, so a transfer of electrons takes place between the zinc and the acid.
Created by scattering x rays off of water, the movies show electrons sloshing in water molecules, and each frame lasts just 4 attoseconds.
Local magnetism occurs in rare-earth metals and the actinides due to the incomplete filling of electrons in the inner atomic shells.
Part of the problem is that as the radioactive substance decays, most of the electrons miss the silicon surface.
Irradiating such quantum dots with ultraviolet light creates excited electrons and the positive holes they leave behind.
This process leaves the top and bottom surfaces with an excess of charge which attracts mobile electrons or holes.
Our planet is incessantly bombarded with a rain of cosmic rays, charged stable particles, such as protons and electrons.
These species may be metal ions, surface defects, or adsorbed molecules or ions with one or more unpaired electrons.
The speed of silicon-based processors is limited by the rate at which electrons move round circuits.
Since they have two electrons that they must lose, they are not quite as reactive as the alkali metals.
The electrons travel through the klystron in cavities, where their speed is regulated.
The reducing agent in the reaction is zinc that is oxidized by donating two electrons to the copper ions.
Other species can serve as sources of hydrogen or electrons and likewise participate in redox reactions as reductants.
Family 2 on the periodic table is the alkaline earth metals with two valence electrons.
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A cathode emits a stream of electrons that collides with neutral atoms of xenon, a gaseous element, in a chamber.
In the case of electrons, nine alleles had point-like mutations and three had rearrangements.
In an X-ray tube the beam of electrons is focused on a target of either tungsten or molybdenum which gives off X-rays.
In fact, while the national grid relies on alternating current for transmitting electrons, the internal Texas grid transmits via direct current.
In an electrical circuit, the number of electrons that are moving is called the amperage or the current, and it is measured in amps.
Bizarrely, pushing the lattice closer together, while hindering electrons, nevertheless makes its easier for holes to move.
Venus and Mars follow Newton's laws, but electrons are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics.
Further, the ionization of the gas by the electrons removes the need to coat the sample with a layer of conductive material.
A strong, alternating current heats a resistive filament, causing it to emit electrons.
He went on to work on the interaction of diatomic molecules with precessing electrons, studying the angular momentum within the molecule itself.
When two atoms swap electrons to produce a cation and an anion, the two ions are attracted to each other.
Non-metals accept electrons in forming anions while metals donate electrons to form cations.
One of the unique properties of positrons is that as soon as they make contact with electrons they annihilate to produce gamma rays.
Meanwhile, copper atoms in the positive anode give up electrons and dissolve into the electrolyte solution as copper ions.
At one electrode, the anode, molecules of hydrogen gas break down into electrons and positively charged hydrogen ions.
The ground state of the molecule is that in which the bonding electrons are in the molecular orbitals of lowest energy.
In chemical reactions, it is the electrons in these orbitals that form or break bonds between different atoms.
Designed much like a compound microscope, the electron microscope uses a beam of electrons focused through magnetic lenses.
Because atoms in a semiconductor crystal are adjacent, their action on one another causes electrons to pass energy continuously.
In a coordinate covalent bond, both electrons are donated by the Logan, a Lewis base, to the metal atom, a Lewis acid.
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In both cases, the ammonia molecule is acting as a Lewis base, donating the pair of electrons required to form the coordinate covalent bond.
Positively charged beta particles, the antiparticle of electrons, are called positrons.
When they hit a light-sensitive semiconductor, they transfer their energy to its electrons.
The light wave energy absorbed sets electrons in the atoms into vibrational motion.
The loss of that same finite amount of energy by energetic electrons explains the bright line spectra emitted by glowing gases, such as neon.
Electron beam lithography involves striking a surface with a beam of electrons with patterning capabilities below 100 nm.
The oxygen atom of an ether functional group has two lone pairs of electrons.
Molecules that contain lone pairs of electrons can use these to bond with metal atoms capable of receiving them.
Like the Solar Wind, the magnetosphere is full of plasma, consisting of ions and electrons.
Since the electrons in the Cooper pair have opposite momenta, the Lorentz force acts in opposing directions and the pair breaks up.
This availability of electrons represents another step in the regulation of sulfate assimilation in non-photosynthetic tissues.
Ordinary gas is made from atoms that consist of electrons orbiting around nuclei.
At the time, it was believed that electrons colliding with atoms always lost energy.
Its atoms have a nucleus of two protons and two neutrons, orbited by two electrons.
Particles from the atomic realm such as photons, electrons or atoms are fired at the first plate, which has two vertical slits in it.
Protons and neutrons have masses of approximately 1 atomic mass unit each, whereas electrons only have a mass of.0006 amu.
The higher the atomic number, the more shells and electrons an atom will have.
When a laser light source is used to stimulate the release of electrons, the process is called optically stimulated luminescence.
Magnetic interactions can also play an important role in attracting electrons to each other.
Electronegativity is a way to measure how much an atom attracts electrons in a chemical bond.
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Electronegativity refers to the ability of an atom in a compound to attract electrons.
This electrostatic attraction, called an ionic bond, is much weaker than a covalent bond of shared electrons.
To probe the electroweak force, future experiments will collide beams of high-energy electrons with those of positrons.
When a beam of such energetic electrons collides with an atom, gamma rays burst forth.
A second method for creating controlled nuclear fusion makes use of a laser beam or a beam of electrons or atoms.
In an instant, an avalanche of electrons is rolling over the surface in a catastrophic flashover.
The avalanching electrons, in turn, intensify the ionization immediately surrounding the wire.
When they reach the tip, the avalanching electrons cancel the positive charge there.
The avalanching electrons move toward the anode, causing the applied voltage to collapse in picoseconds.
Some of the avalanched electrons will travel through the thin oxide of the diode region.
At a synchrotron radiation source, electrons emit radiation as they are guided by magnets around a storage ring.
Similarly, if you move a magnet near a wire, the magnetic field will cause electrons in the wire to move.
At very low temperature this metal develops magnetic order, whereby the magnetic moments of its electrons align with one other.
This radioactive source constantly gives off high-energy electrons, which collide with the sample molecules and the carrier gas to form ions.
When you hook up a battery's two terminals to a circuit, the battery forces electrons to flow through the circuit from one terminal to the other.
The insulator structure may also enhance the focus of electrons emitted by the field emitter device on the display screen.
Atoms may acquire energy that excites electrons by random thermal collisions, collisions with subatomic particles, or by absorbing a photon.
Radiolysis of the solvent produces thermalized electrons that can reach the reducible sites of the protein even at low temperature.
Once the electrons have thermalized, the ions are initially frozen in place because of their relatively large mass and low temperature.
Electricity can be generated by the thermionic effect, that is, the use of dissimilar metals can cause electrons to flow in the presence of heat.
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A thermoelectric material must allow electrons to flow freely, so they can carry away heat energy.
Lone pairs of electrons play a critical role in determining the three-dimensional shape of molecules.
The group's device allows researchers to measure the heat given off by these electrons, and devise ways to get around the problem, Blick says.
Now, when this wavefront hits a material, some of the wavelets will hit atoms and excite electrons to a higher energy state.
The absorbed energy excites electrons in the phosphorescent material and causes them to be caught in potential energy troughs.
In conventional solar panels the energy from the sun excites electrons in a semiconducting material such as silicon, creating the current flow.
The most common approach is to use sunlight to knock electrons out of a semiconducting material like silicon, creating an electric current.
The photoelectric effect is the release of electrons from certain metals or semiconductors by the action of light.
One way is to shine a laser on a semiconductor to give some of its electrons a boost.
The thermal conductivity of this metal is, like electrical conductivity, determined largely by the free electrons.
The shutter selectively blocks and permits the passage of the ionization electrons to the collector.
Positively charged cations are smaller than their neutral atoms because they lose electrons.
This causes a flow of electrons from the source electrode to the gold island, and from there, they are tunneled towards the drain electrode.
Today's accelerators use quadrupole magnets to bend the flight paths of relativistic electrons towards a converging point.
With the help of a laser, the team next produced within the microstructure many electrons with the same spin orientation.
In fact, stripping an atom entirely of electrons has speeded up beta decay by a factor of a billion.
In early tests, nearly all electrons emitted during the tritium's beta decay were absorbed.
He split the atom, he demonstrated the shape of it with its nucleus and orbiting electrons.
Since it takes eight electrons to fill the electron shell, a silicon atom is continually looking for four electrons to bond with.
The absorption and emission spectra of molecules can be correlated with such transitions of electrons between allowed quantized energy levels.
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Wet electrons, which occur on metal oxide surfaces, represent a transition point for electrons between solid and liquid states of matter.
The silver metal gives up some of its electrons and forms silver sulfide in a process called oxidation.
Elemental bromine is made by oxidation, removal of electrons from bromide ions in brine.
Even in its natural state, the melanin biopolymer contains free electrons in its conjugated structure.
To obtain filled valence shells on the atoms of nitrogen molecules, it is necessary to share three pairs of electrons, forming a triple bond.
Such fields, however, do not wreck triplet superconductivity because the spins of both electrons may point in the same direction as the field.
To make moletronic computers a reality, the devices had to do more than merely let electrons flow through them.
In contrast, the active medium in the mechanical laser is the intrinsic angular momenta of electrons and nuclei.
At present the required electrons are generated by heating suitable metal wires, typically tungsten, to high temperatures.
If a single bond is made by sharing one electron from each atom, each oxygen then has seven electrons, one short of an octet.
When a metal is oxidized, it is converted from an uncharged atom to a cation by losing electrons.
These objects also produce high-energy massive particles such as electrons, muons, protons and anti-protons.
It is known that due to the bolometric effect dipole excitation of electrons can effectively heat the 2DES and change its resistance.
When we examine protons closely by bombarding them with electrons, we find that they contain plenty of gluons and light quark-antiquark pairs.
Hydrated electrons relax back to their unexcited state in about 50 femtoseconds.
The electrons that are shared by the atoms to form the bond belong to one of these molecular orbitals.
For example, electrons in a covalent bond are assigned to the more electronegative atom.
To complete an octet, each oxygen must share two electrons in a covalent bond.
If we start from the point of mutual induction instead of energy level of electrons, can we arrive at the same conclusion?
If conditions are right, protons and electrons then fuse into neutrons, creating a neutron star.
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Ground state molecular oxygen can be activated by excess energy, reversing the spin of one of the unpaired electrons to form singlet oxygen.
If the positive charge of the nucleus equals the negative charge of the electrons, the atom as a whole carries no charge.
When the balloon is held up to a wall, the negative charge causes the electrons in the wall to move away from the area.
When photons from the sun hit the surface of a solar cell, they dislodge electrons from silicon atoms.
The energy radiated as bremsstrahlung is typically 100000 times smaller than the energy lost to the plasma electrons.
Cosmic neutrinos are extremely high energy subatomic particles, like protons and electrons, but neutrinos have no electrical charge.
The difference in the valence of phosphorous and silicon provides the free electrons needed for metal-like behaviour.
Metal compounds have a lower density of free electrons than noble metals, and they exhibit SPE at longer wavelengths.
In conventional superconductors, vibrations of atoms induce electrons, which normally repel each other, to form pairs.
In this technique, the vibrations of electromagnetic fields are transferred to the motions of electrons in a gas of atoms.
Two years later, J. J. Thomson modified Kelvin's model, having the electrons move in concentric circle within a positively charged spheric space.
But the gluons are unlike the carrier particles of the electromagnetic force which appeared along with the virtual electrons and positrons.
The resulting electric field would create a plasma of electrons and positrons from among the virtual particles surrounding the star.
Tin oxide, which has an excess of electrons available for conduction, is an n-type semiconductor.
In covalent halides, such as carbon tetrachloride, the bonding electrons are localized in the carbon-chlorine bonds of the individual molecules.
In diamagnetic materials, all intrinsic magnetic moments are cancelled out by the pairing of electrons.
When the electrons return to a relaxed state, they emit photons and produce light.
Usually the organisms just dump the electrons onto iron or sulphate minerals on the ocean floor.
The noble gas atoms have a complete octet of electrons in the outermost shell.
Individual atoms are unstable unless they have an octet of electrons in their highest energy level.
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A capacitor stores electrons in the same way, and can then release them later.
Plant chloroplasts normally capture photons to excite electrons to drive photosynthesis.
As the universe expanded the nuclei captured electrons to form a cool gas of neutral atoms.
It is only in reactions with transition metals that carbenes are stable, due to the distribution of electrons within the structure formed.
Each electrical appliance harnesses the energy of electrons in some way to create a useful side effect.
Free radicals careen through your bloodstream and indiscriminately plunder unpaired electrons from unsuspecting molecules.
Those same ions would then flow to the cathode, and after electrons were added, would end up as pure copper.
The opening focuses the electrons emitted from the cathode onto the anode to a spot size preferably less than 40 nanometers.
Internal textures were imaged using backscattered electrons and cathodoluminescence.
The electrons do have different discrete energies, but they do not follow circular orbits.
The electrons are released at this temperature and they are able to return to their normal atomic orbits.
Flying subatomic particles collide with other atoms in their path, knocking electrons out of their orbits.
For many atoms, the combinations of electrons in their orbits cancel each other out.
I know I've read about electrons shifting orbits quite a bit before, but I'm too foggy to think of where and how right now.
A classical physicist would have supposed that electrons encircling a nucleus could do so in orbits whose radii could take any value.
Each electron orbit of the same size or energy could only hold so many electrons.
Atoms give up excess internal energy by giving off photons as electrons return to lower energy orbits.
Scientists used to believe that electrons circled around the nucleus in planet-like orbits.
The Larmor frequency relates to electrons orbiting in a magnetic field and led him to postulate electrons as orbiting around some centre.
If the electrons were orbiting around a positive nucleus, what prevented them from gradually spiralling in towards the nucleus?
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Chemical reactions inside the cell strip electrons from the hydrogen atoms to produce a voltage that can power a circuit.
The light made the electrons in each atom oscillate back and forth from one side of the atom to the other.
The spectral frequencies should then correspond to the various ways in which the electrons might oscillate within the positively-charged pudding.
Recently, researchers harnessed the spins of electrons to create oscillations which they said suggested a new type of electronic clock.
Neutrinos bouncing off of electrons would also produce Cherenkov radiation at lower energies, so Koshiba modified the design.
Carbon atoms have four outermost electrons and need eight to be more stable.
This leaves the remains of the atoms with a positive charge and creates freely flowing electrons, which are negatively charged.
Positive charges from the gold electrode then flood the material to neutralize the electrons.
The positively charged hydrogen atoms take up the electrons and form hydrogen gas.
The Sun emits not only sunlight but also ultraviolet light, X-rays, and a stream of charged particles, electrons, and ions.
A plasma is typically a gaseous discharge containing electrons and positively charged ions.
In a neutral atom, clouds of negatively charged electrons screen the positive nuclear charge so that atoms can approach one another.
The isotope film becomes gradually positively charged as it loses electrons.
The jagged peaks mark the arrival of electrons in substorms, and they gradually drift away again.
If the other chemical was using those electrons to hold it together, it would fall apart.
Atoms of these elements have six valence electrons and tend to gain or acquire electrons in chemical reactions.
A negative oxidation state indicates that an atom can undergo reduction, i.e., gain electrons.
They remove electrons from the species being oxidized and are themselves reduced.
The reductant donates electrons and becomes oxidized while the oxidant gains electrons and is in turn reduced.
Bacteria act as oxidizing agents, releasing electrons to an anode immersed in the wastewater.
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Consisting chiefly of high-energy protons and electrons produced by stars, black holes, and gamma-ray bursts, GCR is tough to defend against.
The mobility of electrons is influenced by cellular metabolism and the concentration of charged particles suspended in body fluid.
In paramagnetic materials, permanent magnetic moments arise from the intrinsic angular momentum of individual electrons.
When there is a path that goes from the negative to the positive terminal, you have a circuit, and electrons can flow through the wire.
Similar patterns are seen in small atomic systems, such as the closed shells of valence electrons in metal clusters.
The peroxidase catalyzes transfer of electrons between peroxide and another compound.
One faraday of electricity is equal to one mole of electrons, which is equal to 96,487 coulombs of electricity.
The photocathode in the night scope that converts visible light into electrons is sensitive to both visible light and some infrared radiation.
It soon became clear in the next few years that the particles emitted in the photoelectric effect were indeed electrons.
In the 1950s, researchers began measuring binding energies of core electrons by x-ray photoemission.
Samples were also simultaneously imaged using the secondary electrons that were detected by a photomultiplier.
Until now, physicists have only been able to entangle photons, electrons and atoms, using different methods in each case.
The world of the realist is populated by electrons and photons, quarks and gluons.
There are more than three times more inelastic electrons than elastic ones in electrons scattered by ice.
The results clearly demonstrated that removal of inelastically scattered electrons significantly improved intensity data statistics.
In the conventional view of metallic ferromagnetism, it is driven by 'exchange energy' between conduction electrons in rigid bands.
This approach describes how electrons are influenced by the fields produced by others in the Fermi sea.
In gases, atoms may become ionized, so that the resultant free electrons and ions are free to conduct electricity.
A laser beam, by itself, cannot conduct electricity because it contains no charge carriers such as electrons to produce a current flow.
In solids that conduct electricity, heat conduction is further enhanced by the drift of free electrons.
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Both of those methods impart energy to the electrons, causing them to break from their bonds and jump into the conduction band.
I know that spinning a physical disk draws a lot more charge out of a NiCad or Alkaline cell than just pushing electrons around inside a semiconductor chip.
This issue is related to the inhibition of carrier relaxation due to the selection rule of interaction between electrons and phonons in discrete energy level systems.
The collisional thermalization between electrons and ions is very slow, due to the large difference in their masses, and it occurs on a millisecond timescale.
The gravity is enough to squeeze atoms until electrons combine with protons to make neutrons.
These scatter electrons beyond the limiting angle of the objective aperture, leaving fewer to contribute to the image of that region, which thus appears dark.
In quantum physics, all elementary particles such as quarks, electrons and gluons are classified as either fermions or bosons, depending on their spin.
An atom with this stable set of electrons is a very unreactive species.
A switch is a break in the circuit that stops the electrons from flowing.
Sandwiched in the middle of the semiconductor are two layers of quantum wells in which the electrons and holes are created and confined to a 2D world.
And if the gate voltage is set just right, equal numbers of electrons and holes can flow through the tube in opposite directions at the same time.
Oxygen lacks two electrons compared with neon, the nearest noble gas.
The relatively stable ground state of oxygen is a triplet state with two unpaired electrons with the same spin quantum number, each located in different antibonding orbitals.
Because there's such a high concentration of electrons in the n-type region, the diffusion currents are extremely strong, and electrons flow at an enormous rate.
Prior to that time, particles of energy, photons, and particles of matter, protons and electrons, were all mixed together in a kind of hot primordial soup.
Here particles such as electrons are seen as vibration modes on strings.
The atom that loses electrons gains a positive charge, becoming a cation.
The system works, says Eleftherios Goulielmakis of the Max Planck Institute, because the electrons come in pulses of 250 as, while the electric field oscillates at 2.5 fs.
These electrons will oscillate in unison with the incoming light wave and can affect or modify the passage of light through matter in several ways.
Further, this series assumes an understanding of basic chemistry, and a grasp of current basic atomic theory, such as the properties of protons, electrons, etc.
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As electrons used to create the laser beam are steered from the linear accelerator around a curve to a wiggler where the laser beam is produced, the electrons give off t-rays.
In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons, therefore, the atomic number also indicates the number of electrons in an atom.
The core of the exploding star was converted to neutrons during the explosion when protons and electrons were forced together in reverse beta decay, producing the neutrinos.
Even at the deepest level we know, of elementary particles, charge seems to be an integral part of the particles, quarks are charged, and so are electrons, muons, and taus.
The electrons in the highest energy level are called valence electrons.
The characteristic that distinguishes benzene from the aliphatics and alicyclics, and that defines the aromatics, is the arrangement of electrons in the ring.
This suggests, says Scerri, that helium belongs on the far left of the chart with the alkaline earth metals, which also have two electrons in their outer shells.
This expression clearly shows that the magnetoresistance effect arises from the difference between the resistance behaviour of the spin up and down electrons.
These left-over electrons are the ones farthest from the nucleus and because of this they will determine the chemical interactions of the atom with other atoms.
The injected electrons caused the magnetization of the destination layer to wobble and emit microwaves, just as blowing into a whistle generates sound waves.
Gamma rays and X-rays lose energy in a variety of ways, but each involves liberating atomic electrons, which then deposit energy through interactions with other electrons.
Not until the ambient temperature in the expanding universe had cooled from trillions down to about 3,000 degrees Kelvin did the nuclei capture electrons.
Here, there would be such a huge number of electrons and positrons created that the radiation would be trapped, except for a thin layer at the outer edge of the gas.
A conjugated system of electrons is termed alternant if its atoms can be divided into two sets so that no atom of one set is directly linked to any other atom of the same set.
Those with less than an octet are often called electron deficient and are typical of certain elements with an odd number of electrons, such as boron and nitrogen.
The electromagnetic force holds electrons in orbit around atomic nuclei and is thus responsible for holding together all material with which we are familiar.
Each electron carries one unit of negative charge, and there is the same number of electrons as protons, so the atom as a whole is electrically neutral.
The atom that gains electrons gains a negative charge, becoming an anion.
You'll then have to use that information to answer questions regarding the number of protons, neutrons, electrons or nucleons that an atom of that element contains.
That law governs all sorts of phenomena, including rocket engines, collisions between electrons, and car wrecks.
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These very intense fields in very low-pressure conditions generate an avalanche of electrons on to metals that can become destructive and cause losses in heavy investment.
The electromagnetic force between the electrons lets you pick up the cup, counteracting gravity in the process.
According to Schrodinger, electrons confined in their orbits would set up standing waves and you could describe only the probability of where an electron could be.
The x-ray photons trigger the ejection of krypton electrons with varying angular distributions of momenta modulated by the oscillating laser field.
Much of our electronics could soon be replaced by photonics, in which beams of light flitting through microscopic channels on a silicon chip replace electrons in wires.
Rutherford knew that alpha particles, which readily pierced the atom's cloud of electrons, didn't have enough energy to penetrate and pry apart the nucleus.
Strikingly, reaction centers appear to use that same solution not only for electrons but also for proton transfer toward their secondary ubiquinone acceptor site.
A typical reaction of such compounds is to accept an additional electron from an anion or to share electrons with an anion to gain a stable octet.
As you watch, you'll see some of the matter-antimatter pairs of electrons collide, annihilating each other and creating gamma-ray photons once again.
For electrons, the Pauli exclusion principle paradoxically leads to an effective attraction that balances the particles' electrostatic repulsion at short distances.
The lead plates convert a small fraction of the incident annihilation photons into electrons while the wire chambers determine the position of the charge.
The particles that move are electrons, and they carry a negative charge.
The photocatalyst has to possess surface reaction sites on which the electrons and holes can take part in chemical reactions such as hydrogen production.
One is a photosensitive cathode which emits electrons when exposed to light and the other is an anode which is maintained at a positive voltage with respect to the cathode.
Oxygen enters at the cathode, where it combines with electrons and is split into ions that travel through the electrolyte to react with fuel at the anode.
A mole of electrons, that is, 6.02 x 10 of them, is called a faraday.
Raithel's work suggests that the first few free electrons are not produced by Rydberg atom collisions but when Rydberg atoms are photoionized by black-body radiation.
Physicists have used ultrashort pulses of light to control the motion of electrons ejected from molecules and to produce electron beams just a few nanometres in length.
The pattern of diffracted rays and their intensity are determined from the arrangement of atoms and number of electrons on each atom in the crystal.
Armed with enough theory, we can see electrons in a cloud chamber.
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In truth, Bohr's atom, in which electrons orbit around a dense nucleus like planets around the sun, had already been largely envisaged by Rutherford.
We previously observed the same rate of scavenging of solvated electrons by protons in ultrafast experiments on indole under conditions of comparable ionic strength.
Comsic rays are very high energy particles which strike the Earth's atmosphere and produce spectacular showers of billions of electrons, muons, and other particles.
The B voltage gives the plate a positive charge to attract electrons from the filament.
When you connect the A battery, the filament of the tube is heated to release negatively charged electrons.
Both of the electrons in the pi bond are found in the pi bonding orbital.
But because electrons must be supplied to the cathode by an external power source to drive this process, the cathode in an electrolytic cell has a negative charge.
The electrons then enter the accelerator portion of the linac.
On varying the width, one can observe in detail the transformation of the stationary waves confined between the steps of atomic height in waves of electrons that move freely.
When an oxidizing agent removes electrons from a molecule, the chemical structure of the molecule is changed, and the physical properties are altered.
In most materials in their normal state, there will be far more electrons in the unexcited lower energy level orbitals then there are in the more energetic excited ones.
A covalent bond is a bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons.
Cesium and rubidium lose their valence electrons especially easily when light strikes their polished surfaces and are photosensitive over the full visible spectrum.
Now physicists at Northwestern University show that, using the fact that electrons carry heat as well as charge, the conduction of heat may be similarly tuned.
Identifying types of bonds and lone pairs of electrons is as critical to accurately predicting the shape of a molecule as is determining the number of bonds.
Once it turns to plasma, the air can easily conduct electricity with the free electrons, and the bolt of lightning shoots to the ground through the plasma conductor.
Pairs of electrons that are not shared in covalent bonds are lone pairs.
The molecular geometry around an atom depends upon the number of bonds to other atoms and the presence or absence of lone pairs of electrons associated with the atom.
The results could have applications in quantum computing, where organized arrays of electrons might someday be used to store and process information.
The laser light lifts electrons from the valence band into the conduction band, where they travel freely when a voltage is applied to the semiconductor.

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