| The protonation of amino acid side chains was supposed to cause the reorganization of the native state into the so-called A-state. |
| This implies that chromophore protonation precedes the exposure of hydrophobic surface. |
| Here, internal protonation processes between the chromophoric group and the proton binding site close to the chromophoric group were assumed. |
| The rate constants of protonation of these reactants had been measured previously by manual analysis and their pK values are directly measured. |
| These reactions, some of which are run on a large scale in the petroleum industry, are initiated by the protonation of saturated hydrocarbons. |
| The protonation state of the catalytic aspartates was determined theoretically. |
