| Then, it is observed that there is displacement of electron shell against positive nucleus. |
| This nuclear clock will be fundamentally different from existing atomic clocks, which are based on transitions in the electron shell. |
| An ion is charged by the imbalance of positive charges in the core and negative charges in the electron shell. |
| In particular, the effects of the ligand field on the five d orbitals of an inner electron shell of the central atom are considered. |
| When bonded to two hydrogen atoms, the outer electron shell of the oxygen atom is filled. |
| Since it takes eight electrons to fill the electron shell, a silicon atom is continually looking for four electrons to bond with. |
