| In foals, noradrenaline is commonly the only catecholamine effective in treatment of hypotension. |
| Surgical stress can lead to catecholamine release, which increases cardiac contractility and heart rate. |
| Dopamine is a pharmacologically active catecholamine with effects on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. |
| Excess catecholamine levels play a role in causing white coat hypertension and hypertension in pheochromocytoma, OSA, and other diseases discussed in this article. |
| In addition, pain leads to increased catecholamine release, which aggravates the patient's nutritional needs and energy expenditure. |
| Discussion of the specific advantages: the animal's catecholamine receptor profile responds precisely to medicines acting at different sites. |
