These females were prevented from remating and hence experienced forced monandry. |
As such, parasitoids may prove useful as study organisms given their common but not strict patterns of monandry. |
There is clear scope for studies utilising experimental evolution to make progress exploring why polyandry evolves from monandry. |
Indeed, 'true' monandry may be rare in insects. |
It seems likely then that true monandry will be rarer in parastioids than we currently think. |
In our system, it is presumably less costly for females to be polyandrous than to achieve monandry. |