| These females were prevented from remating and hence experienced forced monandry. |
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| It seems likely then that true monandry will be rarer in parastioids than we currently think. |
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| In our system, it is presumably less costly for females to be polyandrous than to achieve monandry. |
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| As such, parasitoids may prove useful as study organisms given their common but not strict patterns of monandry. |
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| There is clear scope for studies utilising experimental evolution to make progress exploring why polyandry evolves from monandry. |
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| Indeed, 'true' monandry may be rare in insects. |
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