| Preservation of these large-scale coastal landforms is primarily due to gentle epeirogenic uplift in response to Quaternary volcanism. |
| Sculpted landforms, called yardangs, are up to tens of meters high and kilometers long and are forms that have been streamlined by desert winds. |
| Subsidence sinkholes are diagnostic landforms of karst, which form in unconsolidated soils or drift deposits overlying cavernous limestone. |
| One set of gardens concerns landforms made from sand, gravel, topsoil and turf sculpted into sharply edged curves. |
| A second category of landforms includes those that relate to the intense cryogenic weathering of exposed bedrock. |
| The geosphere is the Earth itself, the rocks, minerals, and landforms of the surface as well as its interior. |
