“Was he in the employ of the khedive, or was he still responsible to the Home Government?”

“On returning to Egypt in 1894, he had reached an understanding with the khedive on the basis of their common opposition to the British occupation.”

“In 1875 the British government, on the initiative of the prime minister, Benjamin Disraeli, purchased the khedive Ismāʿīl's Suez Canal shares and became the largest shareholder.”

“Pashas, khedives, sultans, kings, colonial proconsuls, colonels, and generals have taken turns ruling it autocratically and ruthlessly.”

“It was French culture and French institutions which the Khedives had tried to adopt.”

“Part of the Ottoman Empire from 1517, it became practically autonomous under the rule of the Khedives during the nineteenth century.”