“In the protist flagellum, as in muscle, there must be some means by which chemical energy can be converted into movement, and it is likely that a chain of reactions may be involved.”

“The rotation of the flagellum propels the cell body in the same way that a screw propels a ship.”

“The bacterial flagellum is composed of 11 protofilaments with each protofilament comprised of subunits of a single protein, flagellin.”

“Scientists have now found that an enzyme produced by immune cells called neutrophils can chop up flagellin, the main protein in these tails.”

“The hook and the filament are self-assembling helical polymers constructed from monomers of the protein flagellin.”

“The bacterial flagellar filament is a helical, self-assembling polymer of flagellin monomers.”

“Bacterial colonization involves multiple factors, including fimbriae or pili, flagella, and surface polysaccharides.”

“However, even under these conditions, cells with flagella have a mating advantage over aflagellate cells in the population.”

“This study was designed to learn how well the flagella of groups of bacteria might move fluid in a microscopic environment.”

“Water movement is driven by the beating of flagellae, which are located on specialized cells called choanocytes.”

“However it happened, living organisms began, complete with an outer membrane, complex inner biochemical machinery, complex outer gadgets like flagellae, and, of course, genes.”