“Another early navigational instrument that relied on the same principles as the quadrant was the mariner's astrolabe.”

“Unlike the delicate quadrant, the mariner's astrolabe was a thick, weighty instrument typically made of cast bronze or brass.”

“The construction of astronomical instruments such as the astrolabe was also a speciality of the Arabs.”

“Arab craftsmen produced complex astronomical instruments, astrolabes, which helped them plot the positions of the stars and tell the time of day.”

“It housed compasses, surveying tools, astrolabes, and armillary spheres that evoked the world of Copernicus and Tartaglia.”

“Lavanha also studied instruments used in navigation, constructing astrolabes, quadrants and compasses.”