| This rural effect is further amplified by the malapportionment of voters between rural and urban constituencies. |
| As with women's suffrage, racial equality, and malapportionment, the equal rights of all voters were not always a part of our national experience. |
| This proportionality somewhat mitigated the very high malapportionment of the electoral college itself. |
| Constitutional or electoral malapportionment must not be confused with gerrymandering a form of arbitrary districting used to benefit the party that at a given time controls the apportionment process. |
| If geographic areas, for instance, are assumed to have an equal right to be represented because the area is considered to be a viable constituency, malapportionment in terms of population is inevitable. |
| Carr that malapportionment claims are justiciable apply equally to the question of partisan gerrymandering. |
