| Ham is an example of the trend for new castles to dispense with earlier features such as machicolations, tall towers, and crenellations. |
| The barbican features the earliest surviving stone machicolations in Britain, and the gate would originally have been protected by a portcullis. |
| Although machicolations performed the same purpose as the wooden galleries, they were probably an Eastern invention rather than an evolution of the wooden form. |
| The Crusades also led to the introduction of machicolations into Western architecture. |
| Machicolations were stone projections on top of a wall with openings that allowed objects to be dropped on an enemy at the base of the wall in a similar fashion to hoardings. |
