| A similar set of tradeoffs may explain why surf smelt, which spawn in fine gravel, can spawn successfully lower in the intertidal zone than grunion, spawning in sand. |
| These observations suggest that some individuals occasionally stray off of the marsh surface, or are inadvertently transported to the lower intertidal zone during ebb tides. |
| The development of Skolithos trace fossils on the upper surface of some beds suggests periodical emergence into an intertidal zone. |
| Neither feeding away from the intertidal zone nor a close association with colonial birds and mammals has been reported in either nigrofumosus or taczanowskii. |
| Mudflats lie lower in the upper intertidal zone than marshes and are smooth, almost level surfaces across which tidal creeks meander. |
| Lingulids are shallow burrowing infaunal filter feeders of the shallow intertidal zone. |
