| A beautiful, headstrong, and feisty young woman, she was the heiress to the duchy of Hilos, one of the richest provinces. |
| When it became a grand duchy of the tsarist empire, the first seeds of national self-consciousness were sown. |
| The nobles founded many monasteries and the archbishopric of Rouen was coterminous with the duchy. |
| Originally, the Duke held the electorate personally, but it was later made hereditary along with the duchy. |
| June 9, 1815, after 400 years of domination by various European nations, Luxembourg was made a grand duchy by the Congress of Vienna. |
| In March 1628 a Spanish army besieged its key fortress of Casale, while a Piedmontese force occupied the remainder of the duchy. |
