Nematomorphs are dioecious, they reproduce with true copulation or pseudocopulation. |
In this situation the cost of mating for the female is essentially the cost of a copulation. |
He similarly subdues the frank eroticism of Stolberg's protoplastic copulation of Earth and Heaven. |
We investigate the adaptive value of cannibalism in this orb-web spider, where 60 percent of males do not survive copulation. |
Also, males cannot force females to copulate as copulation is only possible when the female assumes a horizontal body posture. |
Same-sex copulation and bonding are common in hundreds of species, from bonobo apes to gulls. |