| For fibroblast foci and vascular adventitial thickening, for which data entries were numerical, an average was determined. |
| Intimai proliferation and adventitial thickening may further reduce the cross-sectional area of the pulmonary vascular bed. |
| The pathogenesis of cystic adventitial artery disease is controversial. |
| The walls are occasionally thickened by adventitial fibrosis. |
| Aneurysmal development is caused by weakness in the muscular tunica media and stretching of the tunica intima and adventitial layers. |
| Cystic adventitial disease diagnosis is based on evidence of cysts within artery walls. |
