| Those effects are exacerbated in piscivorous species, because of the tendency of PCBs to biomagnify at upper trophic levels. |
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| This high interannual variability at the base of the food chain influences organisms at all trophic levels. |
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| Local extinctions of native species may occur at the invading species' own trophic level or at different trophic levels. |
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| The number of trophic levels in the marine and aquatic realms is greater than on land. |
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| For both acute toxicity and chronic toxicity, a minimum of two species must be included to address different trophic levels. |
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| Explain the process of bioaccumulation and assess its potential impact on the viability and diversity of consumers at all trophic levels. |
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| This leads to an inevitable energy pyramid and various ecological efficiencies that determine the quantity of energy transferred between successive trophic levels. |
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| Investigators also had the opportunity to better understand the impact of invasive species on organisms at lower trophic levels. |
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| Ground beetles were divided into predatory and phytophagous trophic levels. |
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| This can affect the structure of marine communities as fisheries target lower and lower trophic levels. |
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| These data sets often consist of biomarker responses covering all the levels of biological organization in a vast array of bioindicator organisms representing different trophic levels. |
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| An example is trophic cascades, which are changes in biomass propagated across three or more trophic levels. |
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| Reduced sea ice extent or the timing of sea ice formation and break-up will impact the lower trophic levels of the ecosystems upon which polar bears depend. |
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| Fish are represented at several trophic levels in aquatic systems, from detritivore and herbivore to carnivore. |
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| Conversely, they are a central prey item or forage fish for higher trophic levels. |
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| Different types of phytoplankton fill different trophic levels within varying ecosystems. |
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| Additionally, there is risk of biomagnification of these hydrochar-bound toxicants into higher trophic levels. |
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| Energy passes through these trophic levels primarily along the grazer and detrital chains and is progressively degraded to heat through metabolic activities. |
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| Natural communities are complex systems with multiple trophic levels and nonlinear interactions between species. |
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| New associations arising from with biological invasions can impact the strength of existing links with effects cascading through trophic levels. |
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| Multi-trophic aquaculture is a type of aquafarming that uses species from different nutritional or trophic levels to create a semi-natural ecosystem. |
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| Thus, the presence of just a few top predators has numerous effects – direct and indirect – that cascade down the trophic levels within an ecosystem. |
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| Four to eight examples are typically sufficient and should be chosen to reflect both aquatic and terrestrial pathways, and reflect human receptors and biota receptors residing at various relevant trophic levels. |
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| As the work of Daniel Pauly and others clearly shows, the upper trophic levels of ocean ecosystems have suffered enormous reductions in biomass due to centuries of fishing. |
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| Figure 1 illustrates a marine ecosystem with a number of trophic levels. |
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| An integrated monitoring program covering all the components and various trophic levels of the St. Lawrence both upstream and downstream would give us some answers to these questions. |
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| This advance has implications for those higher trophic levels that time their migration or reproduction to take advantage of the peak in mesozooplankton. |
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| Knowing the impact of formalin on copepod size helps us to obtain reliable estimates of copepod biomass and thus to better assess the energy flow to higher trophic levels. |
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| As such programs mature, advances in integrating across a variety of trophic levels as well as organizational or spatial and temporal scales will likely occur. |
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| The bioluminescence attracts attention to the dinoflagellate and its attacker, making the predator more vulnerable to predation from higher trophic levels. |
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| After amputation, siphons can regenerate providing a renewable source of secondary production that has been shown to maintain higher trophic levels. |
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