How to use chloroplasts in a sentence

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Sentence Examples Stromules tend to be relatively rare in cell types such as mesophyll or guard cells that contain large chloroplasts. These magnifications were chosen to discern clearly the structure of the chloroplasts, which were the main target organelles in this study. Autophagy of entire chloroplasts during leaf senescence would cause a continuous decrease in the number of plastids per mesophyll cell. In chloroplasts, repair of PSII is thought to take place in the stromal lamellae. As Zeiger et al. have recently emphasized, guard cell chloroplasts show remarkable functional plasticity. Nadp is much preferred to oxygen as an electron acceptor in intact chloroplasts. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of the grana within chloroplasts. Fluorescence of guard cell chloroplasts was imaged when plants were at approximately the six-leaf stage. She convinced the cytologists that mitochondria are symbionts in both plant and animal cells, as are chloroplasts in plant cells. The levels of acetyl-coenzyme A and other forms of coenzyme A are low in the chloroplasts. Mitochondria and peroxisomes, unlike chloroplasts, were not used as target organelles during photographing. The contributing enzymes are localized in three different organelles, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and mitochondria. The ratio of soluble protein to chlorophyll in the isolated chloroplasts was approximately half that of whole leaf extracts. The outer layer of the abaxial epidermis contains sunken stomata with strongly fluorescing chloroplasts in the guard cells. Sieve-tube members are also living cells in leaves, and contain plastids but not chloroplasts. Alternatively, embryo plastids and leaf chloroplasts were prepared as described, but without illumination. Plant chloroplasts normally capture photons to excite electrons to drive photosynthesis. The chloroplasts of some plants show the invagination of the inner membrane into granum particularly in Sorghum, maize and sugarcane. That is, all Cyanobacteria and algal chloroplasts are, together, all of the descendants of some unique common ancestral cyanobacterium. The fluorescence intensity emitted by the chloroplasts is dependent on the amount of light absorbed by them. Show More Sentences Geranylgeraniol is distributed as a pyrophosphate ester in the envelope and thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. All species have two chloroplasts, one parietal in each of the two main plates. The vascular bundle is surrounded by a sclerenchymatic sheath and parenchyma with chloroplasts. Inactivation of plastids in the leaf mesophyll, which normally contains the majority of chloroplasts would be the most easily identified. Conversion of chloroplasts to chromoplasts occurs well before flower opening and thus before the reproductive function of the flower commences. Ripening of tomato fruit involves the differentiation of chloroplasts in young green fruit into chromoplasts in mature ripe red fruit. In mesophyll cells, chloroplasts are dismantled in an early phase of senescence, while mitochondria remain functional. Even in the late stages of leaf senescence, the chloroplasts of guard cells remain green and functional. In higher plant chloroplasts, many pigment-binding proteins are inserted into the thylakoid membrane and organized into multisubunit complexes called photosystems. Cardiolipin is located in bacterial membranes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The chloroplasts were analysed by SDS-PAGE and fluorography. The putative motor protein, cross-reacting with antimyosin antibodies, was shown to be associated with the surface of isolated Lemna chloroplasts. The VPC chloroplasts possessed well-developed thylakoids with grana. Although lecithinase activity has been investigated in a variety of plants 1-6, the occurrence of lecithinases in chloroplasts has not been reported before. Stromules have been recorded on all major plastid types, including proplastids, chloroplasts, etioplasts, leucoplasts, amyloplasts, and chromoplasts. The ER and Golgi bodies disappear, followed by the chloroplasts and mitochondria. Single-celled organisms containing chloroplasts are the colour of their chloroplast pigments. But Plasmodium, though it lacks chloroplasts, has a relic symbiont known as an apicoplast that is not found in other eukaryotes. These protists are usually red, green or yellow due to the pigmentation of their chloroplasts. By endosymbiosis, they also are the ancestors of chloroplasts of the algae, mosses, and plants. Show More Sentences Each dinoflagellate has two flagella, chloroplasts and Cellulose plates covering their body. In plants, chloroplasts occur in all green tissues, though they are concentrated particularly in the parenchyma cells of the leaf mesophyll. Students should become familiar with and be able to use the terms cell wall, cell membrane, vacuoles, nucleus, cytoplasm, and chloroplasts. A similar explanation for chloroplasts, which seem to be the descendants of photosynthetic bugs called cyanobacteria, is also widely accepted. Plant cell with chloroplasts and part of the nucleus against the cell membrane. Green plant cells are characterized by a thick cell wall and small bodies within the cytoplasm called chloroplasts. Inside the leaves of the plants are structures called chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs. To be specific, it happens in the chloroplasts, special structures located in the leaf cells. Bacteria are relatively simple cells, characterized by the absence of nucleus and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Later, the efflux of solutes from chloroplasts was measured. However, it is possible that endogenous CKs play a role in chloroplast acclimation since it was found that kinetin stimulates the development of sun-type chloroplasts. These microscopic organisms, typically 1-5 micrometres long, are distinguished by the absence of sub-cellular organelles, such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. These plants have similar growth characteristics to wild-type plants, but ultrastructural analysis revealed extended, duplicated, or triplicated, undividing chloroplasts. All are filamentous, oogamous, and have net-like chloroplasts. During primary sulphate assimilation in chloroplasts, sulphate is reduced via sulphite to the organic sulphide which is used for cysteine biosynthesis. As ripening progresses, fruit colour changes from green to red as chloroplasts are transformed into chromoplasts, chlorophyll is degraded and carotenoids accumulate. In ripening fruit, chloroplasts develop into chromoplasts and there are large changes in stromule number and morphology, particularly in the inner mesocarp cells. With increasing maturity of chloroplasts there is an increased ability to photosynthesize and therefore to undergo predominantly autotrophic metabolism. This suggests their chloroplasts were incorporated by several endosymbiotic events involving already colored or secondarily colorless forms. About half of living dinoflagellate species are autotrophs possessing chloroplasts and half are nonphotosynthesising heterotrophs. Show More Sentences This group, however, does contain typically eukaryotic organelles, such as Golgi bodies, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Plants and some other organisms have an additional terpene biosynthesis pathway in their chloroplasts, a structure fungi and animals do not have. The genomes of its mitochondria and chloroplasts are also being sequenced as part of the project. Disorganization in tilacoidal membranes, poorly developed chloroplasts, and rupture of the nuclear membrane, were verified in this progeny. Euglenoids have green chloroplasts and one flagellum for locomotion. Euglenids, which belong to the phylum Euglenozoa, live primarily in fresh water and have chloroplasts with only three membranes. Their chloroplasts are surrounded by four and three membranes, respectively, and were probably retained from ingested green algae. Some retain plastids, but not chloroplasts, while others have lost plastids entirely. Palade performed many studies on the internal organization of such cell structures as mitochondria, chloroplasts, the Golgi apparatus, and others. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. The cytoplasmic layer is home to several organelles, like the chloroplasts and mitochondria. Heterokont chloroplasts appear to derive from those of red algae, rather than directly from prokaryotes as occurred in plants. The most important use of Gal3P is its export from the chloroplasts to the cytosol of green cells, where it is used for biosynthesis of products needed by the plant. Not all algae have chloroplasts and photosynthesize. The phototrophic eukaryotic cells such as algae have chloroplasts that convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy used to manufacture sugars through photosynthesis. Chlorenchyma has smaller isodiametric cells than the storage parenchyma, it has many chloroplasts. The endosymbiotic theory holds that organelles within the cells of eukorytes such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, had descended from independent bacteria that came to live symbiotically within other cells. Zooflagellates are protists with flagella and no chloroplasts. The relative amounts of cyclic and noncyclic flow may be adjusted in accordance with changing physiological needs for ATP and reduced ferredoxin and NADPH in chloroplasts. Most algae contain chloroplasts that are similar in structure to cyanobacteria. Show More Sentences Some scientists consider the colourless euglenophytes to be an older group and believe that the chloroplasts were incorporated by symbiogenesis more recently. Diatoms and brown algae are examples of algae with secondary chloroplasts derived from an endosymbiotic red alga. My mystery organisms range from ctenophores to the obscure solar powered sea slugs which steal chloroplasts from their algal food source. Reversible inhibition of photophosphorylation in chloroplasts by nitric oxide. These groups have chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and c, and phycobilins. This resemblance is a throwback to the days, hundred of millions of years ago, when some enterprising cyanobacteria took up residence inside an ancestral plant cell and changed over time to become chloroplasts. This molecule enables them to respond simultaneously to red and blue light in both the way that they grow and the way the photosynthetic elements in their cells, the chloroplasts, organise themselves. A few species do not use chloroplasts to obtain nutrition. Green algae are examples of algae that have primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. Biosynthesis and accumulation of isoprenoid carotenoids and chlorophylls and emission of isoprene by leaf chloroplasts. Therefore organisms that have chloroplasts do not ingest their food. However, the exact origin of the chloroplasts is different among separate lineages of algae, reflecting their acquisition during different endosymbiotic events. Within the abaxial and adaxial epidermal cells of the leaf pinnules of this species, there are arm-like projections where chloroplasts agglomerate. Some sea slugs hold on to these stolen chloroplasts for months. Without a functional SlGLK2 gene, the ripening tomato forms fewer and punier chloroplasts that don't deliver, Powell and her colleagues have found. The latter chlorophyll type is not known from any prokaryotes or primary chloroplasts, but genetic similarities with red algae suggest a relationship there. Among their topics are redox signal transduction, carbon fixation in chloroplasts, plant mitochondrial metabolism, and photosynthetic carbon-nitrogen interactions. The chloroplasts in most photosynthetic dinoflagellates are bound by three membranes, suggesting they were probably derived from some ingested algae. Examples from Classical Literature The ground tissue of the leaf is composed of very loose, thin-walled cells, containing numerous chloroplasts. Find more words! 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Words that rhyme with chloroplasts What is the adjective for chloroplasts? What is the noun for chloroplasts? Use our Sentence Generator Nearby Words chloroplast chloropicrin chlorophytes chlorophyllous chlorophyll chlorophyl chloroprene chloroquine chlorosis chlorosome chlorothiazide chlorotic 12-letter Words Starting With c ch chl chlo chlor chloro chlorop chloropl chloropla chloroplas chloroplast