| It was suggested above that one proton was released in the chloroplast stroma for every three oxygen molecules fixed during photorespiration. |
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| High temperatures can cause plasmolysis, change chloroplast coloration, or distort cell shape. |
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| All protein sequences from 21 complete chloroplast genomes are analyzed in comparison with selected archaea, eubacteria, and eukaryotes. |
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| The cells lack a sheath and are uni-nucleate with a conspicuous single laminate parietal chloroplast that encircles less than half of the cell. |
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| Next, the transit sequence interacts with the proteinaceous components of the chloroplast protein import machinery. |
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| Note the fragments within the chloroplast and the autophagous vacuoles containing dark material. |
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| There has long been speculation that excessive accumulation of starch may impair chloroplast function. |
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| Granules of different sizes were noted in the chloroplast stroma in all treatments. |
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| In photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms, nitrate assimilation involves two membrane barriers, the plasma and the chloroplast membranes. |
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| The net positive charge of the transit sequence probably allows it to approach the negatively charged chloroplast envelope electrostatically. |
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| It is found in leaves, etiolated tissues, seeds, roots, fruits, and tubers in the chloroplast as well as in the cytosol. |
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| Blue-light reception in plants leads to phototropic plant movement, chloroplast relocation, and opening of stomatal guard cells. |
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| Phototropins mediate photomovement responses such as phototropism, chloroplast relocation and stomatal opening. |
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| In all experiments the algae were treated with benzoquinone, to inhibit metabolic activity in the chloroplast and to maintain an oxidized plastoquinone pool. |
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| This suggests that assembly of the carotenoid layers in the chloroplast is not required for proper localization of the photoreceptors in the plasma membrane of the cell. |
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| Each cell contains a distinct nucleus, a central vacuole, and a large, thin chloroplast with at least one pyrenoid. |
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| The best-studied CAM models produce predominantly starch in the chloroplast as the transitory carbon reserve to support nocturnal carboxylation and malate synthesis. |
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| In addition to their mitochondria, plants have a second relic symbiont, the chloroplast. |
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| Indicate the following on your model or picture: cell wall, cell membrane, vacuole, nucleus, chloroplast. |
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| Alternatively, it is possible that they are homologous sequences encoding chloroplast and leucoplast proteins, respectively. |
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| Single-celled organisms containing chloroplasts are the colour of their chloroplast pigments. |
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| The method of genetic modification may also decrease the potential for gene transfer, for example, chloroplast transformation. |
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| Pyruvate formed by this reaction has to be exported from the chloroplast. |
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| The chloroplast has pigments, such as chlorophyll, which capture sunlight and give plants their characteristic green color. |
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| This is believed to be the remains of an alga and, like a mitochondrion or a chloroplast, it has a small genome of its own. |
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| Most notable perhaps is the organelle known as the chloroplast that performs the extremely important process of photosynthesis. |
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| Its products are mostly based on chloroplast engineering, but the company is also working on the engineering of other organelles. |
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| Each individual has four main organelles: nucleus, chloroplast, pyrenoid and accumulation body. |
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| Many scientists, however, attribute the similarity to an endosymbiotic origin of the red algal chloroplast from a blue-green algal symbiont. |
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| If these were intergeneric hybrids, they would likely have significantly incongruent positions between the chloroplast and mitochondrial gene phylogenies. |
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| Photosynthetic processes within the chloroplast are also responsible for producing the oxygen in the air we breathe. |
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| Support for this idea derives from the high degree of similarity in chloroplast genome organization in a flowering plant and a bryophytic nonvascular plant. |
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| While the chloroplast genome is inherited maternally in most seed plants, in lodgepole pine and in the pine family it exhibits paternal inheritance. |
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| The chloroplast structure and the pigment assortment that includes chlorophyll a and c2, but not c1, suggest that only the red algae may be more primitive. |
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| However, it is possible that endogenous CKs play a role in chloroplast acclimation since it was found that kinetin stimulates the development of sun-type chloroplasts. |
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| Intron regions from chloroplast DNA are also used to construct family trees. |
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| Differences in chloroplast structure, though not major, occur among phylogenetically diverse plant groups. |
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| The B subunit carries a C-terminal extension responsible for the oligomerization of higher plant chloroplast GAPDH into an A 8 B 8 regulatory form. |
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| The gene for the leusine transfer RNA from the chloroplast genome was amplified using polymerase chain reaction. |
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| This import complex goes by the name of TIC-TOC, for translocon at the inner, and outer chloroplast. |
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| Iron deficiency has a powerful effect on chloroplast protein, so that chloroplast protein is reduced significantly by iron deficiency. |
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| You knew this stuff cold at home, but now you can't tell a ribosome from a chloroplast. |
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| Therefore, we hypothesize that a nuclear-encoded splicing factor is recruited as an alternative splicing factor for the chloroplast during the greening of virescent Wogon-Sugi shoots. |
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| Golgi bodies were identified as stacks of flat, membranous cisternae positioned next to the nucleus and usually extending towards the chloroplast. |
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| Those channel proteins are present in vacuole, Golgi body and chloroplast. |
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| The single celled green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, while not an embryophyte itself, contains a green-pigmented chloroplast related to that of land plants, making it useful for study. |
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| Carotenoids also called tetraterpenoids are brightly colored natural organic pigments found in the chloroplast and chromoplast nearly in all families of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms. |
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| A phylogenetic analysis of monocotyledons based on the chloroplast gene rps4, using parsimony and a new numerical phenetics method. |
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| Hence, the outer membrane of the chloroplast, which is freely permeable to small molecules, also contains transmembrane channels for the import of larger molecules, including nuclear-encoded proteins. |
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| One glyceraldehyde molecule is exported from the chloroplast, for further conversion in the cytoplasm, for every five that undergo an ATP-powered re-formation into the five-carbon ribulose biphosphate. |
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| Floridean starch is stored as grains outside the chloroplast. |
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| In fact, chloroplast DNA, including the protein-coding RBCL gene, is often used at the family level to show the relationships between genera and species within plant families. |
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| Moreover, recent progress in chloroplast transformation has opened up new opportunities to develop GM plants that can be used as bioreactors to produce pharmaceuticals or other molecules of industrial interest. |
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| Both green algae and bryophytes have chlorophyll a and b, and the chloroplast structures are similar. |
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| Origin of the disjunct tetraploid Cardamine amporitana assessed with nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data. |
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| No pyrenoids were observed in the specimen separately from the chloroplast due to the limitations of light microscopy. |
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| The diagram at right summarizes a portion of a 2006 cladistic analysis of liverworts based upon three chloroplast genes, one nuclear gene, and one mitochondrial gene. |
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| Intra-leaf and intracellular gradients in chloroplast ultrastructure of dorsiventral leaves illuminated from the adaxial or abaxial side during their development. |
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| Dopazo and colleagues noticed that many of the plants had more than one type of chloroplast DNA in their cells, a phenomenon known as heteroplasmy. |
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| Chloroplast envelopes, stacked grana and unstacked stroma thylakoids were well-defined. |
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