Their value as gifts was established as early as 802 when the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid sent an elephant to Charlemagne. |
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In orthodox writings the title caliph generally means deputy or successor to the Prophet Muhammad. |
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In AD 656, after the assassination of Uthman, the third caliph, Ali ascended to the caliphate. |
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He came to Egypt in 1168 as an assistant to his uncle, who was a general and then became the vizier of the last Fatimid caliph. |
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The one surviving member of the Umayyads fled to Spain where he continued to claim to be caliph at Cordoba. |
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The split originated with a caliph named Hakim, a religious reformer who ruled from Cairo at the turn of the 11 th century. |
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Najaf's founding as a city dates back to 791, when the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid supposedly passed through during a hunt. |
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When al-Musta'sim, the Abbasid caliph, opposed her reign, the sultana abdicated and married Aybek. |
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Al-Musta'sim, the last Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, proved no match for Hulegu's Mongol forces when they attacked Baghdad. |
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The underlying issue, therefore, is the rival claims of king and would-be caliph. |
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The Omayyad dynasty of caliphs ruled from Damascus until 750, when Shiite Muslims, who descended from the caliph Ali, massacred the Omayyad family. |
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The Shiite Muslims subsequently established the Abbasid as the caliph. |
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In 1055 they entered Baghdad on the invitation of the Abbasid caliph. |
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Baghdad officials claimed the self-proclaimed caliph was wounded in an air strike days earlier. |
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The texture of the tiraz suggests that it was made in a workshop reserved for use by the caliph and the important dignitaries of the regime. |
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That movement was in the cause of a caliph who would represent the Muslims, particularly in the defence of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. |
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Inconveniently for the Saudi monarchy, this challenge from the upstart caliph comes at a time of uncertainty over the royal succession. |
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The history of the region is one of variegation and multiplicity, and its indigenous geography has long recognized boundaries, territories, and localisms where the new caliph and his army see only the singularity of his rule. |
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I've also learned that you, the caliph, can grant amnesty. |
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The best symbol of this expansiveness is Ibn Faḍlān, who left a provocative account of his mission in 921, on behalf of the Baghdad caliph, to the Volga Bulgars, among whom he met Swedes coming down the river to trade. |
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The real problem seems, then, to be the dignity of the person appointed as the caliph, which alone is the condition of a legitimate prophetical succession. |
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The Sunni caliph Mansur, whose new empire stretched from India to the Atlantic, sailed up and down the Tigris to reconnoitre a place for his home. |
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Initially the Ismâ'îlite Shiites were supporters of the Fâtimid counter-caliphate in Cairo and opposed the political and religious authority of the Sunni caliph in Baghdad and the Seljuq Sultans that he installed. |
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In doing so, the assailants maintain an ancient tradition: the Sunni caliph Mansur founded Baghdad in 672 and left a crypt full of Shia corpses below his palace. |
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It seemed to me that I was hearing the voices of the caliph Umar and of Saladin who freed Jerusalem from the Crusaderstwo of Islams archetypal heroes. |
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Abu Bakr, a companion and close friend of Muhammad, was made the first caliph. |
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Meanwhile, Hisham II remained caliph, though this had become a ceremonial position. |
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After being installed as caliph with Berber support, Sulayman was pressured into distributing southern provinces to his Berber allies. |
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The Hammudids claimed a family relation to the Idrisids, and thus traced their ancestry to the caliph Ali. |
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In 656, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. |
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Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first caliph. |
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Hossein is highly regarded by Shiite Muslims because he refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph because he considered the rules of the Umayyads unjust. |
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It was therefore possible for Feisal to be both the Caliph to the Sunnis and the true Imam to the Shi'ites. |
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However, the historians and traditionists are unanimous that the official codex was adopted under the third Caliph Uthman. |
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She first appeared in the historical annals in 1239 as a mamlukah inmate of Turkish or Armenian origins in the Caliph al-Musta'sim's harem. |
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Under Othman, the third Caliph who belonged to the aristocratic Ummayid branch of Mohammed's tribe Quraysh, the conquests ceased briefly. |
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She remembered the war, which was thrust upon her father, King Dahir, just because some pirates had hijacked a ship belonging to the Caliph. |
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The Caliph sent several small armadas to defeat Dahar but these were all soundly defeated. |
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A Mongol army from Central Asia laid siege to Baghdad in 1401, calling on the Caliph to surrender and promising that if he did so, the city would be spared. |
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The example of Caliph Abdul Aziz from Umayyad dynasty is well known. |
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At last he went to the palace one day, and, being informed that the Caliph was making his ablutions prior to his prayers, sat down in an antechamber. |
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In a 1971 BBC presentation of James Elroy Flecker's Hassan, Gielgud played the Caliph to Richardson's Hassan. |
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Following Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr became leader of the Muslims as the first Caliph. |
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Missionaries stay with their careers as appointed by the Caliph for the rest of their lives, as per their commitment to the community. |
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One such story narrates that the Fatimid Caliph al Hakim Bi-Amr Illah wanted to light the streets of Cairo during Ramadan nights. |
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Ahmed Ibn Tuloun had been sent to rule Cairo in the ninth century by the Abbassid Caliph in Baghdad. |
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The mosque was built by the Caliph Umar bin Abdulaziz when he was prince of Madinah and renewed during the Abbassid and Ottoman eras. |
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The Ottoman sultans also claimed the title of Caliph starting with Murad I, who transformed the Ottoman state into a transcontinental empire. |
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The Almohad Caliph Abu Yakub had a great love for collecting books. |
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The Caliph was reinforced with Syrian auxiliaries and the Bedouins. |
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As late as the 6th century the Eastern Roman empire and Caliph Umar ibn Khattab were issuing decrees against conversion to Judaism, implying that this was still occurring. |
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After the recorded peace treaty between with Hassan ibn Ali and the suppression of early Kharijites' disturbances, Muawiyah I acceded to the position of Caliph. |
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In Najaf, he visited the mausoleum of Ali, the Fourth Caliph. |
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