| It stands opposite the grand mosque of Sultan Hasan as an attempt of the Khedival family to measure up to the achievements of the Mamluks. |
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| After the Mamluks took Jerusalem in 1244 AD, Louis announced his Crusade. |
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| He fought the Battle of Shubra Khit against the Mamluks, Egypt's ruling military caste. |
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| They had a difficult relationship with the Mamluks of Egypt because the latter considered them a vassal state. |
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| The retreat of the Mamluks and Arabs enabled the Portuguese to implement their strategy of controlling the Indian Ocean. |
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| In the Middle Ages, these included the Abbasids of Baghdad, and the Fatimids, Ayyubids and Mamluks of Egypt. |
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| The Mongols were forced to retreat within months each time by other forces in the area, primarily the Egyptian Mamluks. |
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| There, the Abbasids still maintained a feeble show of authority, confined to religious matters, under the Mamluks. |
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| Various affinities led to a more or less natural alliance between the Mongols of the Golden Horde and the Mamluks of Egypt. |
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| Berke's Turkic subjects also spoke the same Turkic language as the Mamluks. |
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| The Mamluks retreated, and were harassed by Maronite and Druze bowmen who wanted independence from the Mamluks. |
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| However, when the Mamluks returned from Egypt, the remaining Mongols retreated with little resistance. |
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| When Tekuder's brother Arghun challenged him for the throne, Tekuder sought assistance in vain from the Mamluks, but was executed. |
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| The Abbasids flourished for two centuries but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army they had created, the Mamluks. |
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| This was evidenced by the Battle of Diu between the Portuguese and the Arab Mamluks. |
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| The Mamluks in particular were conservatively against the incorporation of gunpowder weapons. |
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| Knowing that the Mamluks were preparing a second fleet at Suez, he wanted to advance before reinforcements arrived in Aden, and accordingly laid siege to the city. |
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| The first Mamluks served the Abbasid caliphs in 9th century Baghdad. |
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| Following the downfall of their Mongol masters, the loyal vassal, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, received escalating threats from the Mamluks and were eventually overrun. |
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| When Tekuder seized the throne of the Ilkhanate in 1282, attempting to make peace with the Mamluks, Abaqa's old Mongols under prince Arghun appealed to Kublai. |
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| As a result, the mamluks gained a significant political power. |
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