| It is well-known that aggregation can be induced by changes in pH, the salt concentration, valency of ions, or the polarity of the solvent. |
| The higher the valency of the counterions, the more significant is the reversal of the effective charge of the aggregates. |
| If this were otherwise, the valency rule would hardly operate so well in endosmosis, kataphoresis, and precipitation. |
| In the preceding example the aluminum has a valency of three and the chlorine has a valency of one. |
| As ions possess different electric charges, the charge on the disperse phase is subject to the valency rule. |
| Iron has the property of readily passing from one valency condition to the other, as connects iron with the rhythmic breathing process. |
