| There are several surgical options, which include shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy. |
| Shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopy are two common modalities in the management of proximal ureteral stones. |
| On ureteroscopy, the ureteral mucosa on the right proximal segment of the ureter appeared edematous and erythematous. |
| The surgical options for large proximal ureteral calculi include ESWL, ureteroscopy, PCNL, and rarely open or laparoscopic surgery. |
| Clinical efficacy of combined Lithoclast and Lithovac stone removal during ureteroscopy. |
| For proximal ureteric stones, shock wave lithotripsy is useful if the stone is less than 1 cm in size, and ureteroscopy is more successful for stones larger than 1 cm. |
