As with the arterial pressure wave, a normal pulse volume tracing has a brisk upstroke and a dicrotic notch. |
In putting, should you hit the ball on the upstroke, on the downstroke or at the bottom of the stroke? |
Thus, lift forces exerted on the hindlimbs may explain why bats inspire during the downstroke of their wings and expire during the upstroke. |
In bats and birds in air, lift is generated by the upstroke at high flight speeds, but not at low speeds. |
Air compressed on the upstroke helps push the piston back down, minimizing energy loss. |
The backward tilt of the stroke plane elevates flight force during the upstroke by increasing the aerodynamic angle of attack. |