| Urbantschitsch has provided detailed measurements of the malleus, incus and the stapes. |
| This bone deposition leads to fixation of the stapes at the oval window, preventing normal vibration. |
| A reduced hyomandibula associated with the quadrate in a fish's visceral skull evolved to form the ear ossicle called the stapes, or columella. |
| One of the main problems causing failure in revision stapes surgery is the inability to adequately assess the oval window neomembrane. |
| Mammals have three, the stapes, the malleus, and incus, the last two being the old reptilian jaw joint still conserved deep within our ear. |
| The stapes terminates at a well-defined fenestra ovalis, suggesting that the stapes was specialized for hearing. |
