| It has been suggested that columbids are closely related to gamebirds, buttonquails, parrots, shorebirds and sandgrouse. |
| In pigeons and sandgrouse there is no vomer, but the other bones have the Schizognathous arrangement. |
| Also called a hemipode, it resembles a true quail in appearance and way of life but is more closely related to sandgrouse and pigeons. |
| Little is known about sandgrouse despite the group having a broad geographical range. |
| The male lacks the barred throat and breast pattern of the Lichtenstein's sandgrouse. |
| The most immediate examples of that are in direct species offtake, such as the trophy hunting of sandgrouse in Kenya. |
