| The temporal aspects of stigma receptivity and pollen longevity were investigated in relation to protandry and breeding system. |
| Under natural photoperiodic conditions protandry in hermaphrodite disc flowers of sunflower is determined by the different elongation rates of the style and filaments. |
| Protogyny and protandry are the underlying mechanisms favouring allogamy in monoecious palms. |
| Flowers are self-compatible, but spontaneous autogamy occurs very infrequently due to protandry and to the spatial separation of anthers and stigma. |
| At the extreme, true prolificacy leads to protogyny whereas normal maize shows protandry. |
| Thus, functional protandry may be a general reproductive strategy for other Panopea spp. |
