| A second sample of 50 randomly chosen achenes of each capitular type was used to determine achene weight, achene dimensions and pappus length. |
| The pappus consists of a tuft of simple hairs, most of which are longer than the achene. |
| Each disc flower is surrounded by a sharp-pointed, chaffy bract and consists of a basal inferior ovary, two pappus scales, and a tubular corolla. |
| Coode and Richardson pointed out a relationship between Centranthus and Valeriana because both genera share a plumose pappus. |
| This plant appears to be generically distinct from erigeron, particularly in its stipitate pappus. |
| The achenes produced by each capitulum are similar, possess a pappus of bristles that causes them to move upwind and a well-developed elaisome. |
