| These CD4 T cell-related variables were associated with ethnicity and were excluded from the initial model, to prevent overadjustment. |
| Thus, both risks of residual confounding and overadjustment exist. |
| The implications of this overadjustment of an intermediate as though it were a confounder can render an otherwise persuasive study downright meaningless. |
| In order to avoid overadjustment, a positive outcome was used. |
