| Osteostracans were among the rare agnathans to posses paired pectoral appendages, although these structures cannot really be compared to gnathostome fins. |
| Either a basal gnathostome such as a shark or a basal actinopterygian such as a sturgeon would be equally instructive. |
| Gnathostome fishes, the oldest craniates, became common near the end of Silurian times. |
| Gonoducts are absent in cyclostomes and a few gnathostome fishes that have abdominal pores. |
| The emerging picture of acanthodian paraphyly does not overturn a general consensus about gnathostome interrelationships. |
| Current conceptions of gnathostome phylogeny depict a rather simplistic arrangement of nominally monophyletic and, apparently, morphologically disparate groups. |
