| Evaluation of air quality using lichens can be included where several zones with different air quality are delimited, and one or several bioindicator species are recognized in each zone. |
| These data sets often consist of biomarker responses covering all the levels of biological organization in a vast array of bioindicator organisms representing different trophic levels. |
| Soil that is generally shallow may be subject to more frequent and severe drought, thereby mitigating the response of bioindicator species to ambient ozone exposures. |
| In function of the various elements constituting their biotope, we classify these species in bioindicator species. |
| The identification of bioindicator species is an important component in ecology, especially in the fields of monitoring, conservation and management. |
| In conclusion, it should be emphasized that E. complanata is of value as a freshwater bioindicator of xenobiotic contamination. |
