| Believing that entropy values covary with the size of the universe, Gold asserts that at the maximum radius the thermodynamic arrow will 'flip' due to the re-contraction. |
| First, the belief that two events are causally related produces the belief that they covary. |
| The vector of observables depends on the contemporaneous state and may also covary with the contemporaneous state innovation. |
| This is because functional properties necessarily covary with the class of properties that are their possible realizers. |
| Section 2 examines how aggregate real GDP and public capital covary over time and shows the difficulty in disentangling the effects of public capital and growth in multifactor productivity. |
