| Against both Epicurus and the Stoics, Carneades argued that no deterministic consequences follow from the principle of bivalence. |
| Provided that Diodorus accepted the principle of bivalence, these definitions, too, satisfy the modal requirements to above, as can be checked easily. |
| In line with Presocratic philosophy, he believes that there is a basic bivalence at work in the cosmos that expresses itself at the deepest levels of causality. |
| Against the Stoics he argued that a commitment to bivalence and the principle that every action has a cause does not entail that all actions are fated. |
| In terms of truth, the mismatch problem recounts the antagonism between bivalence and multivalence, between the black-or-white and the gray. |
| So we may represent the Aristotelian solution as one which rejects the law of bivalence. |
