“Water must be strictly avoided in this reaction, as it can destroy both the chloroformate reactant and the anhydride product.”

“The reactant ions have enough energy to ionise the molecules of interest but not enough to break them up.”

“The product of this reaction is drastically lower in energy, and thus, more stable, than the reactant.”

“The rate of chemical reactions often depends on the concentration of the reactants involved.”

“The rate constants of protonation of these reactants had been measured previously by manual analysis and their pK values are directly measured.”

“In these types of reactions the reactants form intermediates which have electrons in an excited state.”