| The flowers are probably wind-pollinated, and the plants can reproduce vegetatively by lateral offshoots, and by rhizomes. |
| Duckweeds also have the advantage that they may be grown in axenic cultures, reproducing vegetatively. |
| Cultivars must be vegetatively propagated using plant tissue culture and this is a time-consuming and costly process requiring large tracts of experimental fields. |
| In order to obtain replicated phenotypic data, plants were vegetatively propagated through cuttings. |
| Inbreeding is probably not a cause of decline, as goldenseal reproduces vegetatively as well as sexually, and is self-compatible. |
| As much as possible, mutants were vegetatively propagated to prevent loss of each genotype. |
