| Several randomized trials have shown that beta blockers such as propranolol and nadolol can reduce the risk of initial variceal bleeding from about 45 percent to 22 percent. |
| Surgical options include nephrectomy, variceal ligation, nephropexy, and renocaval reimplantation. |
| When thrombosis involves the portal or splenic veins the initial presentation may be variceal bleeding, splenomegaly, or ascites. |
| Eight months after onset of the patient's condition, marked hepatic decompensation occurred, culminating in esophageal variceal hemorrhage. |
| Variceal bleeding is the most catastrophic complication of portal hypertension associated with cirrhotic and noncirrhotic forms of liver disease. |
| His past medical history included intravenous drug abuse and esophageal variceal bleeding, which was controlled by sclerotherapy. |
