| Seeds were scored daily for radicle emergence through the testa or PE envelope. |
| The seeds' hard testa is an effective protective structure allowing them to survive fire, and being passed through the guts of large animals which aid dispersal. |
| The structure of the testa is very different from that of either rice or oat, or indeed any of the other cereal grains. |
| The single-seeded fruit known as a caryopsis consists of the pericarp and testa surrounding the endosperm and the embedded embryo. |
| While the subaleurone cells were intensively labelled, no label was seen in the outer layers of the grain, i.e. in the testa, pericarp and husk. |
| The testa di cavallo shield, superimposed on the crossed keys, is crowned by the papal tiara. |
