| If opiate analgesia remains inadequate, then lumbar sympathectomy or spinal cord stimulation may help. |
| For very resistant and distressing cases, where all other treatments fail, a surgical procedure called thoracoscopic sympathectomy is available. |
| Other treatments, such as physiotherapy, biofeedback and surgical sympathectomy, were noted. |
| This is called an endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy, and is done under a general anaesthetic. |
| Nurses in the ambulatory surgery department admitted Mr R for a bilateral thoracoscopic sympathectomy without complications. |
| In severe cases, a surgical treatment called sympathectomy can be performed. |
