| To test if a variable is stationary, a formal test of stationarity called the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test is commonly used. |
| Given the nature of time-series data, it is necessary to test the stationarity of each individual series. |
| To ascertain nonstationarity or stationarity of time series variables, DF-GLS, Ng-Perron and KPSS tests are implemented. |
| The composition stationarity test using the hymenopteran data was designed in a similar way, using just the 16S gene. |
| Each variable also displays 1 behavior since first-differencing of level data restores stationarity, as shown above. |
| Coefficients of the ARMA models are also checked for both stationarity and invertibility. |
