| The literature is full of other, more complicated ways to measure optical anisotropy, usually using a combination of polarizers and retarders. |
| When polarization is a concern, linear and birefringent polarizers can be used to remove, reflect, or refract one of the polarization components. |
| When viewed between crossed polarizers by polarized light microscopy such samples appear dark and featureless. |
| Polarization images probe linear birefringence and can only achieve contrast by having orthogonal polarizers for excitation and collection. |
| During phosphorescence measurements the polarizers are removed. |
| Digital cameras can also mount filters, auxiliary lenses and polarizers allowing you to meet any photographic challenge you might come across with. |
