| Certain strong carbide formers, notably niobium, titanium and vanadium, have effects on tempering out of proportion to their concentration. |
| The gyroscope rotors are covered with a layer of niobium, a metal that will superconduct when it is cooled by liquid helium. |
| Originally, niobium metal was produced by powder metallurgy methods which involved high temperature vacuum sintering and carbon reduction. |
| These free electrons can then tunnel through a thin oxide layer on top of the niobium where they are detected as excess current. |
| Sodium is also used as a chemical reducing agent in producing titanium, zirconium, niobium, and tantalum from their fused salts. |
| Because of the high solubilities in niobium and tantalum, these embrittling contaminants normally do not present problems in fabrication. |
