| Laryngospasm is a protective reflex closure of the upper airway from spasm of the glottic musculature as the result of an abnormal stimulus. |
| Inadequate levels of anesthesia which may lead to coughing, bucking, excessive salivation, retching, laryngospasm or breath holding thus complicating the anesthetic outcome. |
| Moreover, blood or secretion or any foreign body in the airway in a lightly anaesthetised patient may also trigger laryngospasm which may result in catastrophic circumstances. |
| Medical experts said acute laryngospasm was very rarely fatal, but that the Pope's age and medical history complicated matters. |
| Induction with isoflurane in oxygen or in combination with oxygen-nitrous oxide mixtures may produce coughing, breath-holding, or laryngospasm. |
| Children under 2 years of age, because menthol can induce reflex apnoea and laryngospasm. |
