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What is an interferometer?

What is an interferometer? Here are some definitions.

Noun
  1. (physics) any of several instruments that use the interference of waves to determine wavelengths and wave velocities, determine refractive indices, measure small distances, temperature changes, stresses, and many other useful measurements.
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Examples
By applying the interferometer method to Capella, arc distances of much less than one-twentieth of a second of arc were measured.
The Shack cube interferometer is used to test converging wavefronts at the center of curvature of a reflective surface.
Some of the light that is reflected from the cylinder groove is scattered, and does not re-enter the interferometer.
This is one of the scientific objectives of the large decametric interferometer LOFAR, which should be operational in 2007 in Holland.
The apparatus is advantageously used in an interferometer to form a device that modulates the amplitude of the optical signal.
Ideally, the light field for such an interferometer is considered to be a monochromatic plane wave of infinite lateral extension.

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