| For many, his teaching adopts the stance of immoralism or, at least, amoralism. |
| At the same time his idealization of the 'real ruler' suggests that this is an unstable and incomplete position, liable to progress to a Calliclean 'heroic' form of immoralism. |
| Brecht shocked Elias Canetti by bragging that he wrote for money, and this portrait seems to express something of his youthful immoralism. |
| If constitutive norms cannot be violated, constitutivism implausibly implies that only perfect agents can exist, and thus immoralism and irrationality are impossible. |
| In direct contrast, some of Machiavelli's readers have found no taint of immoralism in his thought whatsoever. |
| But the ancients did have to answer various forms of relativism, immoralism, and skepticism, contending with rival philosophical schools which disagreed profoundly with one another. |
